CBS

The Applied Finance Group (AFG) works with some of the most well respected investment firms in the U.S. to help them develop quantitative screening processes to identify a better pool of companies to choose from for their portfolio holdings. However, picking winning investment opportunities isn’t the only value AFG provides clients. AFG also develops quantitative strategies to quickly identify possible torpedoes lurking in your client or prospective client’s portfolio.

AFG’s quantitative process is centered on the proprietary Economic Margin (EM) Framework (what a company earns above its true cost of capital). The core of AFG’s quantitative process starts with evaluating corporate performance and the expected improvement relative to their peers, evaluating the valuation attractiveness of the company, and determining if a firm is following a wealth creating or wealth destroying strategy.

A brief description of those variables is available below the list of companies.

When identifying potential torpedoes AFG looks for companies with the least valuation upside compared to their sector peers, below sector median expected Economic Margin change, and a management quality score that reflects a management team following a wealth destroying strategy.

These 20 S&P 500 companies from every major AFG defined sector (ex. Financials) are potential torpedoes that could be lurking in your portfolio. These companies all possess characteristics that make for a bad investment opportunity. If you own one of these companies or consider adding one to your portfolio, we suggest taking a closer look as they look the most likely to underperform their sector peers according to criteria that has proven successful at identifying winners and losers in the market.

If you are a professional investor and would like to learn more about AFG’s EM methodology, investment criteria or stock selection process click here to register to trial the product.

     Source: EconomicMargin.com

AFG's Valuation Metric – Measures the percent to target (deviation between a stock’s current trading price and its AFG current default target price). To derive the intrinsic value of a firm, AFG uses its proprietary Valuation Model (modified discounted cash flow model).

Economic Margin - A corporate performance measurement that addresses the gaps in GAAP, eliminating distortions caused by accounting policies to measure what a company is truly earning above or below their cost of capital.

Management Quality – Assesses management’s ability to make wealth creating decisions.

+View our List of Value Expepectations Recommended Articles

AFG Recommendation Performance
9/1998 – 5/2009
Annualized Returns

Other Market Related Articles of Interest

Source: AFGView client databases from 9/1998 – 5/2009
Universe size: 4,000 to 5,500 firms

Investors are always looking for an edge, a way to improve their stock selection process in the hope that it improves their overall performance. Fundamental investors may flirt with the idea of adding a technical overlay to their process while a value investor may take more of a chance on a growth company. No matter what style of investor you are, you want to be sure the process you are implementing makes sense.

Because of the volatility of the market, investors seem to be paying more attention to the technicals of the companies they hold or are considering to buy. While there are several ways technical analysts look at the momentum in the market, ValueExpectations.com will concentrate on the simple, yet widely used 50 and 200 day moving averages relative to a companies current trading price.

We, at The Applied Finance Group (AFG), believe that technicals are relevant, but it is much more important to focus on the fundamentals of a company in determining which securities are over/under valued. We have taken the S&P 500 and focused only on the stocks trading above their 50 and 200 day moving averages (44%) for those investors who pay closer attention to technicals, and provided a list of companies in most of the major economic sectors that we find attractive and some that we find unattractive based on AFG’s investment criteria, which focuses more on valuation attractiveness and expected corporate performance.

However, if you do look at momentum, a variable we would suggest concentrating on is economic momentum. AFG’s economic momentum coupled with valuation give you a tremendous advantage in outperforming!

Sectors without adequate representation were excluded (Financials, Basic Material, Transportation)

CBS Corporation, one of the big 3 American broadcast networks, is set to report earnings later this week, and with that in mind, we decided to take a closer look.

Over the past year, CBS has traded as high as $18.05 and as low as $3.09. Today, CBS is trading at $7.99. Embedded in every stock's trading price are sets of expectations that the company must deliver to be considered fairly valued. By using AFG's Value Expectations interface, we can see exactly how CBS must perform to justify their trading price.

On 8-14-08, CBS was trading at a high of $18.05. To justify that trading price today, CBS would have to grow sales by 15.92% a year over the next five years, assuming it could maintain its 3-year median EBITDA margin of 21.76% and asset turn level of 0.35. (See Below)

Source (The Applied Finance Group)

On 5-9-09, CBS's stock fell to a low of $3.09. To justify that trading price today, CBS would have to shrink its top line by 69.43% a year over the following five years, assuming it could maintain its 3-year median EBITDA margin and asset turns.

Source (The Applied Finance Group)

Currently CBS is trading at $7.99 a share, and by using AFG's Value Expectations Framework, we can see that based on the chart blow, CBS would have to shrink its top line by 3.09% a year over the next five years to be fairly valued, assuming it can maintain its 3-year median EBITDA margin and asset turns. This means that by 2013, CBS’ annual sales would have to decline to $11.9 billion.


Source (The Applied Finance Group)

These low expectations do not guarantee that the company's stock will rise. CBS ranks relatively low among its peers in terms of valuation attractiveness and Economic Margin (EM), which are highly correlated with market performance. Even with low expectations priced in, a company's outlook may be even worse. Deciding whether or not a company is a buy or sell takes into account many variables. Discovering the embedded expectations is just one of the important steps.

CBS will be reporting their earnings on Thursday, August 6th.

AFG Sell Criteria: When identifying possible sell/short opportunities (torpedoes) The Applied Finance Group (AFG) starts by running a screen using its proprietary Sell Criteria variables starting with Economic Margin. Economic Margin is a measure of corporate performance that identifies how profitable a company is by measuring how much the company earns above or below its cost of capital. In addition to corporate performance, AFG looks to identify those companies that are unattractively priced using our valuation model. Lastly AFG evaluates how well companies run their business using its Management Quality score, identifying companies that have management teams that destroy wealth.

When analysts and market pundits come on tv to talk about stock picks, they usually talk about the "P/E" ratio (Price to Earnings) being attractive.  However if you're investing in stocks and you only look at the "P/E" ratio, you might be walking into a "Value Trap".  Investors ignore half the valuation picture when investors only concentrate on P/E as investors also need to consider the growth potential of the company and what investments are needed to get the earnings.  The Applied Finance Group (AFG) has developed a process that incorporates these factors easily into the valuation framework.  Using AFG’s Valuation Metric, we have compiled a list of 20 companies with low P/E, 10 of which we consider attractive investments, and 10 of which we consider Value Traps.

By using AFG's Economic Margin framework instead of earnings alone, investors capture the true net cash flow the entire firm is generating. It is not uncommon for companies to grow P/E while having declining EM’s. This occurs when the cost for the investment required to yield the increasing P/E is more than the cash flow generated from the investment. By analyzing a company’s EMs through time, investors gain a more accurate account of levels and changes in a company’s current profitability and value.

If earnings are a true proxy for performance, there should be a correlation between a company growing earnings and its price to earnings ratio. As a surprise to many investors, there is actually little to no correlation between earnings growth and price to earnings ratios (see chart below).
 

P/E is determined by taking a stock’s price and dividing it by the last four quarter’s worth of earnings. P/E alone should not be used to value companies. P/E does not look at a company’s balance sheet thus we do not know what the costs of generating those earnings. While the P/E is determined by looking at a company’s past performance, EM bases a company’s value off its future projections. By using EM, an investor can know how their stocks are likely to perform, allowing them to clearly evaluate where to invest.

Successful companies measure results, make decisions and set strategy with the goal of creating value. A company’s performance measures must serve as a proxy for its market value creation. While important, S-T Earnings alone are a poor indicator of a company’s value, due to what they do not measure.
 

Economic Margin is a more complete performance measure for companies to use to guide performance and motivate employees. Executives consider Cash Flow, Investment, Competition & Risk when setting strategy. The above charts show that investors do the same.

AFG's Valuation Metric – Measures the percent to target (deviation between a stock’s current trading price and its AFG current default target price). To derive the intrinsic value of a firm, AFG uses its proprietary Valuation Model (modified discounted cash flow model).

Economic Margin - A corporate performance measurement that addresses the gaps in GAAP, eliminating distortions caused by accounting policies to measure what a company is truly earning above or below their cost of capital.

Investment Insights from your peers, Professional Investors - The Applied Finance Group would like to invite professional investors to join AFG’s Market Forecast Project so you can better understand what your peers currently think about the market and cultivate the “wisdom of Crowds” into actionable investment ideas and themes. 
Click here to learn more

ValueExpectations.com has continued to provide investment ideas to help our readers make better informed investment decisions which leads to outperformance. In addition to finding buy opportunities, VE.com also understands the importance of avoiding potential torpedo’s given the current market volatility.

ValueExpectations.com has compiled a list of potential torpedo stocks within the S&P 500 that all contain several characteristics that AFG finds unattractive when searching for potential investment ideas. If one of these firms is a portfolio holding we recommend careful evaluation as they could all be torpedo’s.

The 15 firms listed below all meet AFG’s Strong Sell Criteria. In addition, these companies are all projected to earn less than their cost of capital which means they will earn a negative Economic Margin and all of these companies have a Z-Score (Altman Z-Score) in the at-risk range or risk of bankruptcy in the next 2 years. For a review of your current holdings using AFG’s research tools CLICK HERE FOR A FREE TRIAL.

S&P 500 - Potential Torpedoes (ex. Financials)

AFG Sell Criteria: When identifying possible sell/short opportunities (torpedoes) The Applied Finance Group (AFG) starts by running a screen using its proprietary Sell Criteria variables starting with Economic Margin. Economic Margin is a measure of corporate performance that identifies how profitable a company is by measuring how much the company earns above or below its cost of capital. In addition to corporate performance, AFG looks to identify those companies that are unattractively priced using our valuation model. Lastly AFG evaluates how well companies run their business using its Management Quality score, identifying companies that have management teams that destroy wealth.

Economic Margin (EM) Defined - A measure of corporate performance that captures off balance sheet items, by looking at how much a company is earning above or below their cost of capital. EM is expressed in a % or margin. The Economic Margin Framework™ is more than just a performance metric as it encompasses a valuation system that explicitly addresses the four main drivers of enterprise value: profitability, competition, growth and cost of capital.

The Altman Z-score - Z-score is a metric that gives insights into the likelihood of a firm going bankrupt in the next 2 years. The model was developed by Professor Edward I. Altman of the NYU’s Stern School of Business and first published in The Journal of FINANCE in September 1968. A common critique to this metric is that it was developed over 40 years ago and is no longer relevant.
In 2001, Professor Joseph D. Piotroski of The University of Chicago Graduate School of Business, published a paper called, Value Investing: The Use of Historical Financial Statement Information to Separate Winners from Losers. Piotroski showed that value investors were rewarded by looking at a firm’s financial health and he showed that Z-score was a meaningful statistic.

More recently, on December 5, 2008, Dr. Altman was called to testify before a House of Representatives Committee on the condition of U.S. Automakers. In his testimony, he noted that Bloomberg, Inc. reported, “that approximately 1,000 users of their system per day access the Altman Z-Score model.”

The Altman Z-Score breaks down firms into 3 zones:
• >2.99 – Not Likely to Go Bankrupt
• 1.8 - 2.99 – Gray Area
• <1.8 – Likely to Go Bankrupt in the Next 2 Years

AFG has a solid track record of identifying winners and losers in the market, check our buy/sell spreads since 1998.

Economic Margin is a measure of economic profitability that identifies how much a company earns above or below its cost of capital. We analyzed all companies in the S&P500 Index based on their historical, current and forecasted Economic Margins to see which firms have the best average of past, present and future profitability. We identified the two most profitable and the two least profitable companies from each sector and have presented them in the table below. As a base of reference, the average firm in corporate America earns a 0 (zero) Economic Margin, or is a “break-even business”. Our research has shown that companies with consistently positive EMs that are also expected to increase their EMs in the future tend to outperfom firms with negative or declining EMs.
<!--[if gte mso 10]> Economic Margin is a corporate performance measure, which helps us identify well managed, wealth creating companies. Although not included in this post, we want to remind you that it is also important to understand the attractiveness of corporations' valuations to make sure we invest in great companies at great prices. (Here is an article by ValueExpectations.com explaining Applied Finance Group’s basic valuation concepts).

Note: Only companies in the S&P 500 were included.

S&P 500 Companies With The Best/Worst Average Profitability (Economic Margin)

Economic Margin (EM) Defined: A measure of corporate performance that captures off balance sheet items, by looking at how much a company is earning above or below their cost of capital. EM is expressed in a % or margin. The Economic Margin Framework™ is more than just a performance metric as it encompasses a valuation system that explicitly addresses the four main drivers of enterprise value: profitability, competition, growth and cost of capital. more EM details (PDF)

Here are the best and worst performing stocks in the S&P 500 for the month of January excluding financials. Compare the implied sales growth priced-in to justify the current trading price (VE Sales Growth) vs. what the company has delivered in sales growth the past 5 years (5 Year Median Sales Growth) to see if the expectations are realistic for the company to achieve. The more realistic the expectations are compared to what has been delivered the more likely the firm will be to out-perform.

Top 10 stocks in January (excluding financials) and Sales Growth Expectations

Worst 10 stocks in January (excluding financials) and Sales Growth Expectations

On January 13th, 2009, we posted a list of companies that were, “In Shape and Looking Good.” The screen looked at the Altman Z-Score (a bankruptcy forecast model) and valuation. On January 14th, Nortel Networks (NT), filed for bankruptcy protection. As of January 13, 2009, Nortel had a Z-Score of -3.5. As we posted earlier this week, Dr. Altman’s heuristic is broken down into 3 zones:

The Altman Z-Score breaks down firms into 3 zones:

• >2.99 – Not Likely to go Bankrupt
• 1.8 - 2.99 – Gray Area
• <1.8 – Likely to go Bankrupt in the Next 2 Years

As you can see from the chart below, Nortel Networks (NT) has a Z-score of -3.5 putting it in the “Likely to go Bankrupt in the Next 2 Year” category. Looking at its peers, ALU looks in jeopardy, where CSCO and JNPR are safe in the “Not Likely to go Bankrupt in the Next 2 Years” zone.

Below is a List of Firms in the R1000, that have negative Z-scores like Nortel Networks (NT) as of January 13th, 2009. Besides Z-Score this table also provides implied sales growth expectations priced-ion to justify their current price. Those with an N/A for VE Sales Growth need to fix their business model before we begin to evaluate the embedded expectations in their stock's price.

*VE Sales Growth calculated for these firms on 1-13-09

In Joel Greenblatt’s 2006 book, The Little Blue Book that Beats the Market, he presented his “Magic Formula” used in his hedge fund, Gotham Capital. Mr Greenblatt tested his formula between 1988 and 2004. The results were incredible, with only one down year, the magic portfolio would have returned 30.8% a year, against a 12.4% annual return for the S&P 500.

Mr. Greenblatt was a student of both Ben Graham and Warren Buffet and tried to include valuable insights from each investor in his “Magic Formula.” His Magic Formula was a screen that percentile ranked two variables: Return on Invested Capital (quality) and Earnings Yield (valuation). The idea is simple, buy the best companies at the best price. He also recommends one year holding periods, so we thought this would be a great time to get this list out. The Little Blue Book recommends selecting the top 30 firms from the “Magic Formula.” That formula ranks each company by variable and then puts a 50% weight on each. Below is a definition of each variable.

Variable 1: Return on Invested Capital = EBIT / (Net Working Capital + Net Fixed assets)

Variable 2: Earnings Yield = EBIT/EV

The table below shows the top 30 firms with their market implied sales growth expectations. Enjoy!